"The historical phase of India began with the Muslim invasion. Muslims were the first historians of India." --- Béon Gustave Le: The civilizations of India, Book III, p.146
Muslims in India - An Overview
The Muslims entered Sind, India, in 711 CE, the same year they entered Spain. Their entry in India was motivated by an attempt to free the hostages Muslim civilians whom the ship was taken by sea pirates in the territory of Raja Dahir, King of Sind. After diplomatic attempts failed, Hajjaj bin Yusuf, the Umayyad governor in Baghdad, sent an order for 17 years by the name Muhammad bin Qasim with a small army. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir at what is now Hyderabad in Pakistan. In pursuing the remnants of his army and , Muhammad bin Qasim fought at Nirun, Rawar, Bahrore, Brahmanabad, Arora, and Multan Dipalpur . In 713 CE, he established his control in Sind and parts of Punjab to the borders of Kashmir. Much of what is now Pakistan came under Muslim control in 713 CE and remained so throughout the centuries until some years after the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857.
Muhammad bin Qasim
treatment of the Indian population was so just that when he was recalled to Baghdad the civilians were strongly discouraged and gave him farewell in tears. There was a Muslim community in Malabar, southwest India as early as 618 CE because of King Farmas Chakrawati accept Islam at the hands of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The Muslim presence as rulers in India dates from 711 CE Since then, different Muslim rulers (Turks of Central Asia, Afghans, and the descendants of the Mongol - the Mughals) entered India, primarily fought their brothers Muslim leaders, and established their rule under various dynastic names. In the eleventh century, Muslims had established their capital at Delhi, which remained the main seat of power until the last ruler of the Mughal Dynasty, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was introduced in 1857 by the British. A few British visitors were given permission by Akbar to stay in Eastern India more than two centuries ago. The British abused that privilege, and in a few decades, the British began to collaborate with Rajas and Nawabs in military expeditions against the Mughals and Muslim rulers of eastern, southeastern and southern India. After two centuries of fighting, the British succeeded in abolishing the Mughal rule in 1857.
Muslims were a minority when they ruled large parts of India for nearly a thousand years. They were well liked in general rules for their legal, social and cultural values, respect for the freedom to practice his religion as prescribed by the religion of various communities, freedom of expression, the legal system in accordance with precepts and standards of each religious community, public works and to establish educational institutions. In their days as rulers, Muslims made up about twenty percent of the Indian population. Today, Indian Muslims represent about five percent of the population of India, about 150 million, and they are the second community in the Muslim world.
part of the region now in Pakistan and many other parts of India were predominantly Muslim. After the British takeover in 1857, many of these areas remained under loose control of Muslims. When the British decided to withdraw from India without a clear direction for the future of Muslims (former leaders), a political solution was reached for some of the Muslim-majority areas. This resulted in the division of India and Pakistan's creation in 1947.
Among the famous Muslims scientists, historians and travelers who visited and lived, albeit briefly, in India were Al-Biruni, Al-Masu'di, and Ibn Battuta. Their writings illuminate us with the Indian society and culture. Al-Biruni stayed in India for twenty years. Ibn Battuta, an Andalusian who was born in Morocco, was a Magistrate of Delhi (1334-1341) during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Tughluk. It is conceivable that Ibn Battuta description of Muslim India inspired Ferdinand and Isabella, who had taken over the last Muslim kingdom of Granada, Spain in 1492. That same year, Columbus has received approval in the palace of the Alhambra (Granada) and made his famous trip to India in search of gold and spices, but it landed in the Americas.
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