tipu sultan



history Tipu Sultan Tipu Sultan (1750-1799) was the real ruler of Mysore. Better, "Lion of Mysore 'is known. His full name was Sultan Fateh Ali Tipu and was born November 20, 1750 Devenhally, currently in Kolar, Bangalore, India. He Hyder Ali and Fakhra-un-Nissa (Fatima Begum), the eldest son. Tipu to the throne in 1782 after his death, his father left, when the second Mysore war, Mysore State authorities. Tipu Sultan, generous and instrumental leader went on a brave effort in the south against the British oppression of the result of his name is etched in the history of Indian history.
Since childhood, Tipu Sultan, his strong interest in academics and pursue different languages. Tipu also trained as a military expert, Art of War, 15 young age, learning to participate in a number of military operations, including his father. He is also a devout Muslim who accepted other religions as well as some Hindus and Christians he describes as a religious persecutor, was contrary to the principles. Tipu and his contribution to the welfare of his subjects worked hard on its premises, such as roads, reservoirs and ponds on the coastline, the construction of many ports, many palaces and foreign trade, commerce and promote growth in agricultural production fortresses, fortified.
Tipu Sultan, his dignity, personality, and a simple way of life was more than just an ordinary politician. He was well respected by France, Afghanistan's rich and varied as the Sultan of Turkey has earned the confidence of international partners, to help him fight against the British. Tipu Sultan was one of the founders of "Jacobin club allegiance to the French service. Like his father, a real patriot, are Tipu expanding British East India Company's future risk appears. Tipu and his father Hyder Ali second Mysore war in 1766 and 1782 to win Britain's first war in the Mangalore Mysore, so they negotiations were successful. The British were aware of Tipu growing strength, they are bound to Hyderabad and the Marathas, Nizam's neighbors in 1790, which the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Versailles, France, but the individual and the combined forces of Tipu Tipu signature, despite the heavy proven, and its capital Seringapatam lost War, such an agreement has been signed in 1792 and want to see him half of the state power took over a large war reparations. After the British broke the allegiance with the Nawab finally defeated him in 1795, they again tried to Mysore, in 1798, which resulted in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. Tipu be able to military strategist and successful war in the old army rocket artillery and better military strategy to thwart their opponents this time it was finished. all her courage to fight for Tipu Sultan died in the final on May 4 in 1799 defending the capital Srirangapattana. Tipu Sultan is buried with his father and mother, a mausoleum built in his in 1784, "Gumbaz Srinagapattana capital, renowned as it is.
Tipu grand heritage In addition, she also has her beautifully decorated armor, royal memoirs, mechanical "Tipu Tiger" golden "tiger head" the throne of Tipu coin, engraved with the famous royal "Sword of Tipu Sultan" back to back, if he hit a last gasp, that he was up to. Many international conflicts have occupied the king's sword back to the end of the Inspection of the industrialist-politician Vijay Mallya, India has been raised for nearly two centuries later. Royal Sword also has a number of documentaries and TV series, because it describes the life of Tipu Sultan. The famous "Daria Daulat Bagh, in his Summer Palace, now a national monument and popular tourist attraction is to build a chick. Tipu Sultan, a sense of patriotism in the hearts of the future enlightened Indian freedom fighters, and this year the way to overthrow the British rule.

hiran minar pictures












the beautiful photos of hiran minar

Red fort (laal qila)

Red Fort, usually the most complex red Qil'ah 17 century Old Delhi (Delhi, India today) in the walled city built by Mughal Emperor Shahjahan as a castle written in English. In 1857, the Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar exiled by the British Government of India has served as the capital of the Mughals. The British used the camp as an independent India in 1947. Now a popular tourist destination and a powerful symbol of the sovereignty of India: Prime Minister of India increases Mr Lahori Gate complex every year around Independence Day Indian flag on the ramparts





In 1638 Mughal emperor Shah Jahan built the great fortress was launched in 1648 (10 years) was completed. [2] Red Fort on the original "Fort-i-Mubarak" (Sanctuary Fortress) was reported, which was the seat of the royal family. Organized layout Salimgarh Red Fort and is working to keep local integration. Fortress palace is an important medieval city center Shahjahanabad. Design and aesthetics of Red Fort on top of Mughal creativity which prevailed in the era of Emperor Shah Jahan represent. Fort was further developments long since the Emperor Shah Jahan was. Critical stages of development were under Aurangzeb and later Mughal rulers. Major physical changes locally in the first war of independence in the overall system made in 1857 during British rule. After independence structure of the site experience more changes / with some changes in the case. Fort of the British period, first and foremost camp had been used and the situation after independence, India's Red Army under the control of the fortress of attractions for tourists, a year 2003.The work long-term home.
New Red Fort Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan for Shahjahanabad, the capital, the palace was the seventh site. It's going designed to bring about the legitimacy of our state, and the power to provide an opportunity to implement its ambitious plans to build and interests here in the capital moved to Agra.
Fort Yamuna River, with most of Foster moat around the wall. Northeast corner of the wall next to the old fortress, Fort Salimgarh began construction of Red Fort in 1638 1546.The built by Islam Shah Suri defense finished 1648.Delhi Gate in the Indian flag flying
11. March 1783, the Sikhs came to the Red Fort in Delhi and occupied the Diwan-e-Am. Originally the town was tiled with the Sikh Coalition surrendered to the Mughal Wazir. Working with Sardar Baghel Singh Dhaliwal of Singhia MISL Karol headed.
The last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, the Fort "Jafar" was arrested. The seat of Mughal power and defensive ability is not to protect British uprising in 1857, despite the Red Fort. Increase in 1857, after the failure, left Fort Zafar on May 17 September. British prisoner who returned to the Red Fort. Zafar launched pilot tried to 27th January 1858, and was in exile on May 7 October.

lahore fort (shahi qila)

The Lahore Fort, locally referred to as Shahi Qila is citadel of the city of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is located in the northwestern corner of the Walled City of Lahore. The trapezoidal composition is spread over 20 hectares.

Origins of the fort go as far back as antiquity, however, the existing base structure was built during the reign of Mughal emperor Akbar (1556-1605), and was regularly upgraded by subsequent rulers, having thirteen gates in all.[1] Thus the fort manifests the rich traditions of Mughal architecture.[2] Some of the famous sites inside the fort include: Sheesh Mahal, Alamgiri Gate, Naulakha pavilion, and Moti Masjid. In 1981, the fort was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site along with the Shalimar Gardens





The origins of Lahore Fort are obscure and are traditionally based on various myths.[4] However, during the excavation carried out in 1959 by the Department of Archaeology, in front of Diwan-e-Aam, Mahmood of Ghazni dated A.H. 416 (1025 A.D.) was found at a depth of 7.62 metres from the level of the lawns. Cultural layers continued to a further depth of 5 metres, giving strong indications that people had lived here, long before the conquest of Lahore by Mahmood in 1021 A.D.[5] Further mention of the fort is traceable to Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Ghuri's successive invasions of Lahore from 1180 to 1186 A.D.

since this information is lost to history, possibly forever. However, evidence found in archaeological digs gives strong indications that it was built long before 1025 A.D
 1241 A.D. - Destroyed by Mongols.
 1267 A.D. - Rebuilt by Sultan Ghiyas ud din Balban.
 1398 A.D. - Destroyed again, by Amir Tamir's army.
 1421 A.D. - Rebuilt in mud by Sultan Mubark Shah Syed.
 1432 A.D. - The fort is occupied by Shaikh Ali of Kabul who makes repairs to the damages inflicted on it by Shaikha Khokhar.
 1566 A.D. - Rebuilt by Mughal emperor Akbar, in solid brick masonry on its earlier foundations. Also perhaps, its area was extended towards the river Ravi, which then and up to about 1849 A.D., used to flow along its fortification on the north. Akbar also built Doulat Khana-e-Khas-o-Am, the famous Jharoka-e-Darshan (Balcony for Royal Appearance), Masjidi Gate etc.
 1618 A.D. - Jehangir adds Doulat Khana-e-Jehangir
 1631 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Shish Mahal (Mirror Palace).
 1633 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Khawabgah (a dream place or sleeping area), Hamam (bath ), Khilwat Khana (retiring room), and Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque).[6]
 1645 A.D. - Shahjahan builds Diwan-e-Khas (Hall of Special Audience).
 1674 A.D. - Aurangzeb adds the massively fluted Alamgiri Gate.
 (Sometime during) 1799-1839 A.D. - The outer fortification wall on the north with the moat, the marble athdera, Havaeli Mai Jindan and Bara Dari Raja Dhiyan Singh were constructed by Ranjit Singh, Sikh ruler from 1799-1839 A.D.
 1846 A.D. - Occupied by the British.
 1927 A.D. - The British hand over the Fort to the Department of Archaeology after demolishing a portion of the fortification wall on the south and converting it into a stepped form thus defortifying the fort.

lankan muslim history link with india

Sri Lanka's indigenous Muslims, called Ceylon Moors, like other communities on the island, has had historical ties with India, especially Tamil Nadu and Kerala in southern India.

Today, unfortunately, these links are very weak, if they exist at all. And they are not remembered or recognized.

Political exigencies due to the redrawing of international borders after the collapse of the British Empire has put up barriers between the Ceylon Moors and India.

The new identities were created and are constantly created. New links are forged in response to new stimuli, both domestic and international.

But India's impact on the Ceylon Moors (a society that is different from the Indian Moors, which is more recent Muslim immigrants from India) can not be ignored because it can be seen in language, culture and practices in society.

The active links have dropped, but the legacy is there for all to see.

Early migration from Kerala
Ceylon Moors are of Arab origin. Even from the earliest times were Arabs from Gulf countries have been coming straight to the island for trade, but the really great migration for settlement through the Malabar coast in what is now Kerala.

Marina Azeez, in his contribution to the ethnological study Muslims in Sri Lanka (Razik Fareed Foundation, Colombo, 1986) says: "The first Muslim fleet is said to have sailed to the Indian Ocean in 636 AD during the Caliphate of Omar, and since then Muslim traders settled along the Malabar coast of India where pre-Islamic-time Arabs had settled as far back as 4th.century AD ".

"According to Tennent (James Emerson Tennent, London, 1859) when these settlements expanded with increased trade and migration, people spread to the coasts of Sri Lanka, settled here and carried on their trade."

By 7th century AD Arabs had settled in Kayalpatnam in what is now Tamil Nadu. From Kayalpatnam, they spread to the east and west coasts of Sri Lanka.

Although the Arabs were traders from the earliest times, Islam gave their profession a big boost. Extension of trade meant more settlers abroad and more converts from non-Arab peoples.

"By the 9th century all trade between Europe and the Middle East was transferred to the Arabs, and the 14th Century they were active in the region of the Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean, the Malay Archipelago and China," said Azeez.

The Arabs had been expelled the Greeks and Romans as the traders in this area.
Muslims in the Arab-Indian origin from the Malabar and Kayalpatnam, together with those from Arab countries, settled in Colombo, Beruwela, a coastal town on the way to Galle.

Beruwela, which retains its distinctive Islamic character, even today, got its first Muslim immigrants in the 1024th It is confirmed that the art of weaving was introduced by migrants from Beruwela Kayalpatnam.

Colombo, which has a significant Muslim population than today, primarily was a Muslim when the Portuguese arrived in Sri Lanka in 1505, "said Azeez.

Muslims of Arab and Arab-Indian descent, married local women in Sri Lanka. They took most Tamil wives because Tamils populated coast and were the local merchants as well.

Those who ruled the eastern coast of Sri Lanka, came first in Kathankudy near Batticaloa. Today Kathankudy is perhaps the only all-Muslim town in Sri Lanka. It also has the largest number of mosques per square kilometer in the world.

In Batticaloa, the Muslim Arabs and the Arab-Indian origin married local women from the dominant caste Mukkuvar.

The Mukkuvars themselves were early immigrants from the Malabar Coast, who came to the East of Sri Lanka via Mannar and Jaffna in the 4th century.

Muslims and Mukkuvars of Batticaloa practiced matriliny or the system of tracing descent through the female line, and organized themselves into matrilineal "kudis" or clans.

The administration of temples and mosques were in the hands of kudis and President of the mosque was the head of kudi with the mosque were identified.


Adoption of the Tamil language

The early Muslim settlers in Sri Lanka was adopted Tamil as their spoken language.

This was because Tamil was the language of the traders in South India and Sri Lanka and it is these Tamil Muslims traders families married into.

The Portuguese chronicler, Duarte Barbosa, wrote in 16th.century AD to the port of Colombo, speaking Muslims, a mixture of Arabic and Tamil, and used the Arabic script for writing Tamil.

Tamil, written in the Arabic alphabet, came to be known as "Arabic Tamil".

Many Muslims in the Sinhala majority areas are now saying that their mother tongue is Arabic Tamil.

Muslims in Sri Lanka produced literature in Arabic-Tamil, as well as pure Tamil, with Arabic script, besides the Tamil script.

But Arabic Tamil as a literary tool is not in vogue now. Muslims today are using the purest form of Tamil in his writings and formal speech. But their spoken Tamil is unique, with the help of Arabic and Islamic words, terms and expressions.

In his essay, "The Language and Literature of the Muslims' MM.Uwise says that" Muslim Tamils "are different from the Tamil spoken by Sri Lankan Tamils in terms of words and even pronunciations.

The use of Arabic words and terms will be visible.

But many of the differences can be traced to the Sri Lankan Muslims' historical links with the Indian Tamils and Malayalees in Kerala.

To give just one example, "Itam" (Sri Lankan Tamil word for space) becomes "Etam" in the Muslim Tamils. But in Tamil Nadu is also ITAM pronounced as Etam or Edam.

Some of the Muslim Tamil words are actually classical Tamil words, which are still in vogue in Tamil Nadu.

The Sri Lankan Muslims to use "Nombu" for "Vrata" or "vritham" (fasting). Recitation of prayers is "Odhudhal" not "vaasithal." But both Nombu and Odhudhal is pure Tamil words, which are used in Tamil Nadu as a replacement for the Sanskritic conditions Vritam and Vaasithal.

There are signs of Malayalam influence also. "Kudithen" (drinking) is "kudichcha", which is only a variant of Malayalam "kudichchu".

In Tamil Nadu, Tamil is also Kudithen Kudichchen.

Uwise says that the Tamil spoken by Muslims living in Sinhala areas on very different from the Tamil spoken by Muslims in the Tamil areas. He also says that Muslims in the Sinhala areas, many Sinhala words.

But the cases he can mention are few and far between, and these are only used in common speech.

It can not be denied that Muslims in the Sinhala areas speak Tamil at home. They have been responsible for the survival of the Tamil language against great odds in the Sinhalese areas.

As the famous Tamil scholar, Prof. Karthigesu Sivathamby put it: "If Tamil is heard today in villages deep in Sinhalese country, it is because of the Muslims but for them, Tamil have disappeared from the Sinhalese areas .."

Earlier, the quixotic attempt by some Colombo-based elite politicians get Muslims to accept the Arab or Sinhalese as their spoken language failed because the love of Tamil ran in the veins of the Sri Lankan Muslims.


Performing Arts

In the field of performing arts, is the influence of Tamil Nadu and Kerala, however, clearly MMM Mahroof in his essay "Performing and Other Arts of Muslims" portrays them as are of Arab origin.

Although some of them are, the figures clearly indicate relations with India.

The Silambam or Silambattam, demonstrating flexibility in the handling of the sticks, is portrayed as an Arab game. Admit, however, that Mahroof Silambam is popular in Kerala and Tirunelveli district in Tamil Nadu also.

Kali Kambu dance, a dance of men with small sticks, are also said to be Arab. This may well be. But Moplahs in Kerala has a similar dance.

The Villu Pattu, a Tamil art is also part of the Muslim folk art.

However, these links to Tamil Nadu and Kerala have either disappeared or are fast disappearing due to the Islamisation of the Sri Lankan Muslims since the 1980s.

Many of these performing arts have been called as "un-Islamic" and discouraged.


Portuguese era and the Indian connection

The arrival of the Portuguese in 1505 had a devastating impact on the Muslims in Sri Lanka since the Portuguese saw them as competitors in Asia and Euro-Asian trade.

The Portuguese took on the Muslims both on the Malabar Coast and Sri Lanka, with an intent to drive them out, cripple them and decimate them.

Force was used freely, but traders in Asia, including Arabs and Arab-Indian/Ceylon Muslim men, for peace and never used violence.

As it happened, came Portuguese to Sri Lanka via India. On hearing that Muslim ships were dodging the Portuguese men-of-war by going to the Gulf via the Maldives sent the Portuguese Governor of Goa nine armed ships under the command of his son Don Laurenco de Almeida to decimate them. But due to poor navigation, landed the Portuguese commander in Colombo instead!

The Portuguese began to persecute Muslims in Colombo from the beginning. The Zamorin of Calicut, who had a lot of problems with the high handed Portuguese in Malabar, sent a fleet of ships to help the Muslims in Colombo resist Portuguese.

But this did not stop the Portuguese from virtually run the Muslims of the western coast of Sri Lanka.

With compassion for them, gave the Sinhalese king of Kandy, Senar, their land to grow in the Batticaloa district on the east coast.

This had a profound impact on the Muslims as traders became farmers overnight. Eventually, paddy cultivation is the single most important profession in society.

After the nightmare of the Portuguese and Dutch rule the Muslims rose to a degree of freedom under British rule. Tolerance, peace and law and order, helped the growth of Muslim trade.

The Indian influence continued because the British ruled India as well. Trade with the Coromandel Coast and Malabar flourished. According 19th.century columnist, Alexander Johnston, the Muslims in Sri Lanka followed the business practice of the Hindu trader in India.

muslims history in india

"The historical phase of India began with the Muslim invasion. Muslims were the first historians of India." --- Béon Gustave Le: The civilizations of India, Book III, p.146

Muslims in India - An Overview

The Muslims entered Sind, India, in 711 CE, the same year they entered Spain. Their entry in India was motivated by an attempt to free the hostages Muslim civilians whom the ship was taken by sea pirates in the territory of Raja Dahir, King of Sind. After diplomatic attempts failed, Hajjaj bin Yusuf, the Umayyad governor in Baghdad, sent an order for 17 years by the name Muhammad bin Qasim with a small army. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated Raja Dahir at what is now Hyderabad in Pakistan. In pursuing the remnants of his army and , Muhammad bin Qasim fought at Nirun, Rawar, Bahrore, Brahmanabad, Arora, and Multan Dipalpur . In 713 CE, he established his control in Sind and parts of Punjab to the borders of Kashmir. Much of what is now Pakistan came under Muslim control in 713 CE and remained so throughout the centuries until some years after the fall of the Mughal Empire in 1857.

    Muhammad bin Qasim
treatment of the Indian population was so just that when he was recalled to Baghdad the civilians were strongly discouraged and gave him farewell in tears. There was a Muslim community in Malabar, southwest India as early as 618 CE because of King Farmas Chakrawati accept Islam at the hands of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). The Muslim presence as rulers in India dates from 711 CE Since then, different Muslim rulers (Turks of Central Asia, Afghans, and the descendants of the Mongol - the Mughals) entered India, primarily fought their brothers Muslim leaders, and established their rule under various dynastic names. In the eleventh century, Muslims had established their capital at Delhi, which remained the main seat of power until the last ruler of the Mughal Dynasty, Bahadur Shah Zafar, was introduced in 1857 by the British. A few British visitors were given permission by Akbar to stay in Eastern India more than two centuries ago. The British abused that privilege, and in a few decades, the British began to collaborate with Rajas and Nawabs in military expeditions against the Mughals and Muslim rulers of eastern, southeastern and southern India. After two centuries of fighting, the British succeeded in abolishing the Mughal rule in 1857.

Muslims were a minority when they ruled large parts of India for nearly a thousand years. They were well liked in general rules for their legal, social and cultural values, respect for the freedom to practice his religion as prescribed by the religion of various communities, freedom of expression, the legal system in accordance with precepts and standards of each religious community, public works and to establish educational institutions. In their days as rulers, Muslims made up about twenty percent of the Indian population. Today, Indian Muslims represent about five percent of the population of India, about 150 million, and they are the second community in the Muslim world.

part of the region now in Pakistan and many other parts of India were predominantly Muslim. After the British takeover in 1857, many of these areas remained under loose control of Muslims. When the British decided to withdraw from India without a clear direction for the future of Muslims (former leaders), a political solution was reached for some of the Muslim-majority areas. This resulted in the division of India and Pakistan's creation in 1947.

Among the famous Muslims scientists, historians and travelers who visited and lived, albeit briefly, in India were Al-Biruni, Al-Masu'di, and Ibn Battuta. Their writings illuminate us with the Indian society and culture. Al-Biruni stayed in India for twenty years. Ibn Battuta, an Andalusian who was born in Morocco, was a Magistrate of Delhi (1334-1341) during the reign of Sultan Muhammad Tughluk. It is conceivable that Ibn Battuta description of Muslim India inspired Ferdinand and Isabella, who had taken over the last Muslim kingdom of Granada, Spain in 1492. That same year, Columbus has received approval in the palace of the Alhambra (Granada) and made his famous trip to India in search of gold and spices, but it landed in the Americas.

the legacy of maha raja ranjeet sing


medal of raja ranjeet singh

Two Europeans, Ventura, an Italian by birth, and Allard, a French, 1822 to serve the Sikh army had come to Lahore to receive. RNA in both French under Napolean worked. After Napolean's defeat at Waterloo, he has lost his occupation and eastern Europe to try his luck left. They've heard a lot of Ranjit Singh's court grandeuf had a story and raised with the idea of a visit to Lahore. Ranjit Singh, though not educated but very wise and intelligent, he knew about the exploits of Napolean. Punjabi history was against them and Ranjit Singh had also said that Napolean east. Ranjit Singh met them both European and he received them kindly and visit their health, previous employment, asked about future plans. Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Hira Singh Dogra Kangra paintingHe a parade of his troops appear and for their entertainment facilities. In April of 1822, he sent a letter to the king with his troops was asking for a job. Communication between these soldiers and Maharaja trusted partner Faqir Nur-ud - Din, who several other languages as French, Persian, English knew was in French through. King believed that they had no contacts with the British, is not only when he was cent per cent sure, 500 pigs and they wanted to each command. Order a few (Bihari) Purbias and Central provinces, with Ranjit Singh had a job other Hindus. He was also drill method of Sikhs in the western train all forces. Ventura's army was called Fauj - e specially after a little while in fresh recruits an army of Allard said to increase. Ranjit Singh Sikh_Soldiers then their king and an agreement that in case of conflict between European powers of the Khalsa remain loyal and will fight for this sign. They wear their beards long and refrain from meat and tobacco are. Ranjit Singh provided houses for Ventura and Allard and paid them handsome. To Ventura, he gave 40,000 rupees when he married a Muslim girl from Ludhiana. After two village as estate were given to the daughter of Ventura. Ventura is making a house, which is now available with Anarkali, the French style is a beautiful Cheateau. This shows that although Ranjit Singh cautious but smart and good enough for him was to distinguish between people.

They selected a Dr.Honigberger, Hungary as a number of local European, employment. Appointed Governor of Peshawar after an Italian Avitable. General Court, a French who declared Artillery. Dr Harlan, an American, who became Governor of Gujarat Jasrata and then. Henry Steinbach, a German was made a battalion commander. Hurbon, a Spainard was an engineer. Dr. Benet, a French Army General Khalsa was a surgeon. Viewkenawitch, a Russian Artillery held a high position. There was also a large number of English - Fitzroy, Gillmore, Leslie, Harvey, and Foulkes, but some, who employed various civil and military duties were mentioned. Nationalities and races with different faiths to serve the people, Ranjit Singh and the most beautiful city court upheld. He is very kind of them were foreigners. He trusted them and gave them positions of responsibility and reward them generously for their services. But he always kept a watchful eye is ever on their influence. He willingly submitted to its natural status and faithfully served.

Order of merit medal of bravery - Government KHALSARanjit Singh in Lahore, so guests and attract passengers. Like their foreign counriers, came from all parts of the world. They entertain the Emperor and his personal attention and attracted joi vivre D were reported. Most of their guests were happy the unquenchable curiosity. They find the most questions and desires of the mind and limit interest asked all surprised. Many travelers their generosity, and better mental vigilance is written in their books. They always happy and vivacious and heartiness of his guests have copied the same spirit. In the summer of 1821, William Moorcroft, East India Company's Court of horses Superintendent Ranjit Singh came to visit. Rs 100 daily allowance was set to entertain this. Moorcroft also showed Sikh army, he greatly impressed by the Sikh army discipline turnout and was impressed by. They visited the royal stables Ranjit Singh said some of the horses in the world was the best. Way back to Bukhara, Moorcroft Prince Russian Nesselrode by the ruler of this country greetings and best wishes, brought a letter containing. Ranjit Singh also of Russia with the country's commercial raltions desired. He welcomed the traders from Punjab and was assured security in Russia.

Ranjit Singh visited another famous traveler was Baron Charles Hugel. That a German scientist, who in Punjab and Kashmir was widely traveled. This book he wrote in the Punjab under Ranjit Singh, Britain was safer than Territories. He Ranjit Singh, who, as usual, many questions that their conversation was recorded with. They asked him if he had worked as a soldier and German armies and their wars with France asked him about. They asked him what he thought about the Sikh army and it was in proper condition to face a European power.

Victor Jacquemont, a French passenger Ranjit Singh also discussed the power of smart decision and praised him. He wrote in his book:. "Ranjit Singh is almost seen in the first inquistive Indian, his curiosity of their insensitivity to the entire nation is India, but to me, a million questions about English, Europe, Napolean, the world generally on the other, Hell and Paradise, Spirit, "God, Satan, and a thousand is nothing. Many missionaries whom were Ranjit Singh met. Many requests churches, convent schools, etc. was denied by Ranjit Singh to open. They asked him to teach Punjabi language and Sikh scriptures instead. No wonder the British Punjab after Ranjit Singh occupied the convent schools spread across Punjab.



He was generous king. Eventhough the Khalsa Punjab government was invited but no law of the minority or majority, were imposed on anyone. Sikhs in the entire population was nearly 15 percent, around 25 per cent Hindus, the rest were Muslims. From Lahore with secular ideals forty years of his rule rule. They fast during Ramadan with Mulsims will and play Holi with Hindus. Even then, he will Amritsar almost every month to do ghusl. A poor Muslims in Lahore, the Mughals Qur'an they DelhiA court was taking to sell wrote. Ranjit Singh asked him how he wanted and paid him twice. Ranjit Singh about here is another story. A year, will completely die because of famine and widespread crops, people were starving. Maharaja Ranjit Singh in Lahore samadh. Being a king, for he has opened stores all states. Ranjit Singh often roam the streets of Lahore to check my power to hide, whether they are happy or will not. That night he saw an old woman a bag of wheat which does not carry his home, where her children were dying of hunger can. He backs up his home to the bag. Although he was a religious Sikh, but a severe Khalsa Sikh principles of the Sikh religion can be said is accurate. Khalsa order of the military who had a very good drink, like a secular life, as fun, etc. strict religious school spirit and sacrifice that a crucial period in their history, through the support of Sikhs and led them to power and clean the pomp and dignity of independence was dimmed. June 27, 1839 on the death of Ranjit Singh, left a deep gap. Khalsa a leader who commanded them personality foresight, and expertise from was lost, his ideal lover and their independent status of people. British India has practically all the time punjab sindh also .

taj mahel tourist place

Agra Uttar Pradesh,

India is a city on the banks of the Yamuna River. It is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata when it was called Agrabana, or finds paradise. Ptolemy, the famous second century AD geographer, it marked on your map of the world as Agra. Tradition and legend, King Cloud (around 1475 AD) Singh, whose Fort Badalgarh, on or near the site of present Fort stood as the current city. However, 12th century AD Persian poet Salman Agra Fort, a king, Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni Jaipal held by the desperate attack writes. Sultan Sikandar Lodi in the year 1506 it was ruled. The Mughal emperors from 1526 to 1658 gained fame as the capital and because of its many splendid Mughal era buildings remains a major tourist destination, most notably the Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri, all three of which UNESCO's World Heritage Sites.

Geography: Agra 27.18 ° N 78.02 ° E [2] [show location on an interactive map] is located on the banks of river Yamuna. The 171 m (561 ft) has an average elevation. It is bounded on the north of Mathura, Dholpur in the south, the east of Firozabad, Fatehabad in the South East on the west by Bharatpur. Agra in Uttar Pradesh is the third largest city.

Demographics: As of 2000 India census [3], in agra now amount of people is 1.4 million. Men's population and constitute 47% women 53%. With 76% literate men, Agra has an average literacy rate of 65% is higher than the national average of 63.5%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

History: Agra is a medieval city situated on the banks of the Yamuna River. It is generally accepted that Sultan Sikandar Lodi, the ruler of Delhi Sultanate founded in the year 1504. Sultan Ibrahim Lodhi sultan's death the city passed to his son. He ruled from Agra to his kingdom until he fell fighting to Babur in the First Battle of Panipat was fought in 1526.

The city's golden age began with the Mughals. It was known as Akbarabad Emperor Akbar, Jahangir and Shah Jahan became the capital of the Mughal Empire was under. Shahjahan years later in 1649 shifted his capital Shahjahanabad.

Since the most important cities in India under the Mughals Akbarabad was one that saw a lot of construction activity. Babar, the Mughal out the first formal Persian garden laid out on the banks of Yamuna river dynasty founder. Park called Aram Bagh or the Garden of Rest. His grandson Akbar's Agra arts, commerce and religion to create a center for learning higher than the Great Red Fort ramparts raised. Akbar also built a new town on the outskirts of Akbarabad called Fatehpur Sikri. A Mughal military camp in the city as the stone was.

His son Jahangir gardens and flora and fauna and laid many gardens inside the Red Fort or Laal Kila a loved one. Shah is known for his keen interest in architecture, where its most prized monument, the Taj Mahal gave Akbarabad. Built in loving memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal, mausoleum was completed in 1648.

During his reign, Shah Jahan later shifted the capital to Delhi, but this son Aurangzeb shifted the capital to back Akbarabad and his father was imprisoned in the fort there. Akbarabad remained the capital of India during the rule of Aurangzeb until he shifted to Aurangabad in the Deccan in 1653. After the fall of the Mughal Empire, the city came under the influence of Marathas and Jats called Agra, before falling into the hands of British rule in 1803.

Semaphore ornate Islamic geometry


Places: Taj Mahal in Agra one of the most famous buildings in the world is one of the favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal, the tomb of Shah Jahan. New 7 Wonders of the World is one of the three World Heritage Sites in Agra, one of the Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri other being.

Completed in 1653 AD, the Taj Mahal, the Mughal emperor (king) Shah Jahan to his beloved wife, Mumtaz as the final resting place is believed to be built. Finished in marble, it is perhaps India's most fascinating and beautiful monument. Exactly symmetrical hard monuments and 20,000 workers, masons and jewelers 22 years (1630-1652) took between building and landscaped gardens set. Persian architect, Ustad Isa, the Taj Mahal built by the Yamuna River. A mirage from the Agra Fort from where Emperor Shah Jahan see it, the last eight years as a prisoner of his son Aurangzeb, as can be seen in your life. It is a masterpiece of symmetry, far from seeming to be floating in the air, and each revealed as an illusion experienced as one enters the main gate. Verses of the Holy Quran and the gate 22 small domes at the top is written, the number of years the monument took to build reader. Taj Mahal is a marble platform that stands above a sandstone one was built on. The beautiful dome of the Taj, with a diameter of 60 feet, the building rises 80 feet above and directly below the dome is the tomb of Mumtaz Mahal. Shah Jahan's tomb stands in his side was his son Aurangzeb. Superb inlay works using semi-precious stones decorate the interiors.

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Agra Fort: Another World Heritage Site in Agra. Major structure of Agra, Agra Fort (sometimes called Red Fort) was built by Akbar in 1565. Red sandstone fort was renovated and converted into a palace during Shah Jahan's time, and with marble and pietra dura inlay large-scale version. Notable buildings in the fort Pearl Mosque, Diwan-e-am and Diwan-e Khas (Hall of public and private audience), Jehangir Mahal, Khas Mahal, Sheesh Mahal include (mirrored palace), and Musamman turret.



AgraFort

Victor Radziun Agra Fort

Great Mughal Emperor Akbar commissioned the construction of the Agra Fort in 1565 AD, although his grandson Shah Jahan's time were extra. Forbidding exterior of the fort hide an inner paradise. Crescent-shaped fort, a long, nearly straight wall facing the river reached earlier. The total circumference of 2.4 km, and double-toothed ramparts of red sandstone punctuated at regular intervals by fortress ringed by. A 9 million tons. Wide and 10 million tons. Deep trench around the outer wall.

Shivaji "Purandar Pact" by Mirza Raja Jai Singh visited Agra Fort Diwan-i-Khas with entering met Aurangzeb. In the audience, he deliberately placed behind men was lower ranks. Insulted Shivaji was attacked outside the royal audience on May 12, 1666 Sing Glory is restricted to quarters. dungeons and implementation of a famously sweet legend, fear, he escaped on 17 August 1666. Heroic equestrian statue of Shivaji has been out of the fort stands.

Architecture.It Mughal fort standing as a specific example shows that the North Indian style castle built beautiful forts South.In differetiated sea bed south of Kerala that the majority [of some sort was constructed in Bekal Nandakumar Koroth] See for more details by 'Bekal fort's history'

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Fatehpur Sikri

Andurinha the Fatehpur Sikri

Fatehpur Sikri: Mughal Emperor Akbar built Fatehpur Sikri is about 35 km from Agra, and moved his capital there. Later abandoned, the site of significant historical value represents a number of buildings. A World Heritage Site, it is often visited by tourists to Agra.

Ud Daulah Itmad's Tomb: Queen Noor Jehan Itmad is ud Daulah construction of the tomb, sometimes called the Baby Taj, her father, Ghias-ud-Din Beg, the Chief Minister of Emperor Jahangir. Small compared to many other Mughal era tombs, it is sometimes described as a jewel box. Its garden layout and white marble, pietra dura, inlay designs and use of forged presage many elements of the Taj Mahal.

Jama Masjid: Jama Masjid, Shah Jahan's daughter Jahanara Begum, Princess of a large mosque, built in 1648 for its unusual dome and absence of minarets, attributed to the remarkable.

Chini's Rauza: Persian significantly affect its blue glazed tiles for the dome, Chini's Rauza Jahan, Allama Afzel Khal Mullah of Shiraz Shukrullah is dedicated to the PM.

Ram Bagh: The oldest Mughal garden in India, Ram Bagh was built in 1528 by Emperor Babar. About 2.34 km north of the Taj Mahal lies.

Soami Bagh Samadhi: Soami Bagh Samadh Soami Bagh on the outskirts of the city section Huzur Soamiji Maharaj (Shri Shiv Dayal Singh Seth) is the mausoleum. He was the founder of Radhasoami Faith and Samadh is sacred to his followers. Construction began in 1908, and it is believed that construction will never end. It is often the "next Taj Mahal" is seen as. Carvings in stone, marble or colored using a combination, like life is not seen anywhere else in India. The picture shown is taken from the back and shows only two floors. When completed, samadh have a carved dome and entrance.

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Semaphore

Day the semaphore

(Akbar's Tomb) Sikandra: Sikandra, the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great's final resting place, only 13 kilometers from Agra Fort. Akbar's tomb reflects the completeness of his personality. Vast, beautifully carved, red sandstone ocher grave is set amongst a lush garden. Akbar himself planned his tomb and selected a suitable site. A lifetime to build a tomb for a Tartary custom which the Mughals followed religiously was. Akbar's son Jahangir in 1613 completed construction of the pyramid tomb.

Mary's Tomb: Mariams Tomb, enroute to Sikandra, Akbar's Christian wife's final resting place.

Mehtab Bagh: Mehtab Bagh, on the opposite bank of the Yamuna River exists on the crown.

Climate: Sub tropical climate of Agra is likely to extremes, during summer 45 ° C (113 ° F) in winter to as high as 2 degrees Celsius (35.6 ° F) as low as is reached. Rainy season from June to September and the city 660 millimeters (26 inches) annual rainfall is between.

 
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